Back to Mathematical Olympiad
Difficulty: 8/102021 USAMO 2021 (Q5)

Solve system of 2n equations: a_1 = 1/a_{2n} + 1/a_2, a_2 = a_1 + a_3, etc.

Options:

  • and for all .

  • B.

    and for all .

  • C.

    and for all .

  • D.

    and for all .

Guide / Hint

Hint 1: Let the minimum and maximum values of the odd-indexed terms be and respectively.

Hint 2: Use the equations to bound and show that the odd-indexed terms must all equal 1.

Hint 3: Substitute back into the second equation to solve for the even-indexed terms, yielding .

Solution

Step 1 (Algebraic Setup): We are given the system of equations:

for positive real numbers (with periodic boundary conditions).

Step 2 (Applying AM-GM and Bounding): From the first equation, we have:

Substitute into the numerator. By analyzing the relation, we get:

Setting up inequalities for the minimum and maximum terms of the sequence, we show that if any term , the sequence would grow without bound or violate the positive real constraint.

Step 3 (Uniqueness): The boundary conditions force the sequence to be constant and periodic. This yields exactly and for all as the unique positive real solution.

Ready to track your progress and master these topics?

Create a free account
    2021 USAMO 2021 Q5 - Olympiad Math Olympiad Question | Leminno