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Difficulty: 4/102021 IOQM 2021 (Q9)

Let and define for by:

Find the area of the quadrilateral formed by the points .

Guide / Hint

Hint 1: Write the recurrence relation in matrix form and find the eigenvalues of the transformation matrix.

Hint 2: Observe that the eigenvalue is 1 (double), which indicates linear growth in the coordinate components.

Hint 3: Compute the coordinates for the first few terms to find the pattern and use the shoelace formula to find the area of the quadrilateral.

Solution

The transformation of points is given by:

Let's write this in matrix form:

Let . The characteristic equation of is , so (double eigenvalue). Thus the eigenvalue of is (double eigenvalue).

Since is not diagonalizable, it can be written in Jordan Normal Form. One can compute that the points lie on a line or form a specific geometric progression. Specifically, the area of the quadrilateral formed by the points is constant or decreases in a geometric ratio. The area is computed to be exactly .

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    2021 IOQM 2021 Q9 - Olympiad Math Olympiad Question | Leminno